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Siege of Rees (1599)
The Siege of Ress of 1599, also known as the Relief of Ress (''Socorro de Rees in Spanish''), was an unsuccessful attempt by Protestant-German forces led by Count Simon VI of Lippe, and Anglo-Dutch forces sent by Prince Maurice of Nassau ((オランダ語:Maurits van Oranje)), commanded by Philip of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein and the Count Ernst of Solms, to capture the strategic stronghold of Rees, Lower Rhine, Duchy of Cleves (present-day Germany) from the Spanish forces of Don Francisco de Mendoza, Admiral of Aragon, second-in-command of the Army of Flanders, and Governor Don Ramiro de Guzmán, between 10–12 September, 1599, during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604).〔〔 This Spanish victory was part of the campaign of Francisco de Mendoza and Cardinal Andrew of Austria of 1598-1599, also called the ''Spanish Winter of 1598-99''.〔〔W. Crecelius pp.175–185〕
==Background==
In 1598, under the mediation of the papal legate Cardinal Alessandro de'Medici (the future Pope Leo XI), Spain and France concluded the Peace of Vervins on 2 May.〔Van Nimwegen p.163〕 Spain gave up its conquests, except the occupation of the Prince-Archbishopric of Cambray, thereby restoring the situation of Cateau-Cambrésis.〔 On 5 September, following the orders of the Archduke Albert of Austria, Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands, Francisco de Mendoza at the head of the army, captured Orsoy from the Dutch defenders, a passage-town on the banks of the Lower Rhine.〔(Juan Valera. ''Homenaje a Menéndez Pelayo. Estudios de Erudición Española'' ). p.520〕〔Luc Duerloo p.105〕 After the construction of a fort to defend the passage, the Spanish forces crossed over the Rhine and captured Alpen on 24 September, and the castle of Broich two days later.〔 In mid-October, after the capture of Meurs on 12 October, the Spanish forces defeated the Dutch forces at Rheinberg, and re-captured the fortress.〔Juan Valera p.521〕 Then, Mendoza divided his forces, invaded the province of Gelderland, and seized the town of Doetinchem on 8 November.〔Marjolein 't Hart p.23〕〔Van Nimwegen p.166〕 Meanwhile, the rest of the Spanish army marched over the Lippe, and on 30 October, captured Rees, forcing the garrison to surrender.〔 The Spanish army established its winter quarters in these environs, and in the Bishopric of Münster.〔
In the spring of 1599, the Spanish army renewed the advance, and on May 15 the Spaniards besieged Zaltbommel, on the Waal river, but Maurice of Nassau, was able to keep a supply line open by means of a ship-bridge. On 13 June Mendoza retreated to the Fort San Andrés, a strategic place built by the Spaniards to control the rivers Meuse and Waal in the west of Heerewaarden.〔
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